Expression of myo-inositol cotransporters in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia in experimental diabetes

The transport of myo-inositol is the main mechanism for the maintenance of its high intracellular levels. We aimed to measure the mRNA and protein levels of myo-inositol cotransporters in the sciatic nerve (SN) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) during experimental diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced (STZ; 4, 8, and 12 weeks; 65 mg/kg; ip) diabetic rats (DB) and age-matched euglycemic (E) rats were used for the analysis of mRNA and protein levels of sodium myo-inositol cotransporters 1, 2 (SMIT1, SMIT2) or H+/myo-inositol cotransporter (HMIT). There was a significant reduction in the mRNA levels for SMIT1 in the SN and DRG (by 36.9 and 31.0%) in the 4-week DB (DB4) group compared to the E group. SMIT2 was not expressed in SN. The mRNA level for SMIT2 was up-regulated only in the DRG in the DB4 group. On the other hand, the protein level of SMIT1 decreased by 42.5, 41.3, and 44.8% in the SN after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of diabetes, respectively. In addition, there was a decrease of 64.3 and 58.0% of HMIT in membrane and cytosolic fractions, respectively, in the SN of the DB4 group. In the DRG, there was an increase of 230 and 86.3% for SMIT1 and HMIT, respectively, in the DB12 group. The levels of the main inositol transporters, SMIT1 and HMIT, were greatly reduced in the SN but not in the DRG. SMIT-1 was selectively reduced in the sciatic nerve during experimental STZ-induced diabetes.

Orthodontic treatment in patient with idiopathic root resorption: A case report

Multiple idiopathic external root resorption is a rare pathological condition usually detected as an incidental radiographic finding. External root resorption of permanent teeth is a multifactorial process related to several local and systemic factors. If an etiological factor cannot be identified for root resorption, the term "idiopathic" is applied. This report presents a case of multiple idiopathic apical root resorption. The condition was found in a young female patient seeking orthodontic treatment due to malocclusion. This kind of resorption starts apically and progresses coronally, causing a gradual shortening and rounding of the remaining root. Patients with this condition are not the ideal candidates for orthodontic treatment; however, the aim of this report is to describe an unusual case of idiopathic root resorption involving the entire dentition, and to present the orthodontic treatment of this patient. It describes the progress and completion of orthodontic therapy with satisfactory end results.

A reabsorção radicular externa idiopática é uma rara condição patológica, normalmente detectada como um achado fortuito radiológico. Trata-se de um processo multifatorial, relacionado a diversos fatores locais e sistêmicos. Se um fator etiológico não for identificado, a reabsorção radicular é classificada como idiopática. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino com reabsorção radicular idiopática, que procurou tratamento ortodôntico para corrigir uma má oclusão. Esse tipo de reabsorção começa apicalmente e evolui coronalmente, provocando o encurtamento gradual e o arredondamento da raiz remanescente. Os pacientes com essa condição não são os candidatos ideais para o tratamento ortodôntico, no entanto, o objetivo desse relato é descrever um caso incomum de reabsorção radicular idiopática que envolveu toda a dentição. Além disso, pretende-se apresentar o tratamento ortodôntico da paciente. Também são descritos o progresso e a conclusão do tratamento ortodôntico, assim como os satisfatórios resultados finais.

Added inositol regulates invertase secretion and glucose-repressed SUC2 gene expression in Saccharomyces sp. W4.

The effect of inositol supplementation on glucose derepression, invertase secretion and SUC2 gene expression in Saccharomyces sp. W4 was studied. Invertase secretion was repressed, when the yeast cells, grown the synthetic medium without inositol (I(-) medium) contained more than 0.2% (w/v) initial concentration of glucose. However, in the same medium plus inositol (I(+) medium, inositol conc. 100 microg/100 ml), invertase secretion was repressed only at glucose concentrations higher than 2.0% (w/v). Results showed that secreted invertase activity increased only in the I+ medium, whereas intracellular invertase activity remained constant in both media during the cell, growth. The mRNA encoding secreted invertase was higher in the glucose-derepressed cells grown in the I(+) medium than in the glucose-repressed cells grown in the I(-) medium. Similarly, phosphatidylinositol (PI) content was significantly higher in the cells grown in the I(+) medium than in the I(-) medium. These results indicated that PI might be involved in the glucose derepression, invertase secretion and SUC2 gene expression at the transcriptional level in the yeast.

Espectroscopia de prótons na doença de Alzheimer e no comprometimento cognitivo sem demência: estudo de uma amostra comunitária / Proton spectroscopy in Alzheimer's disease and cognitive impairment not dementia: a community study

OBJETIVO: Descrever os achados da espectroscopia de prótons (¹H-ERM) na doença de Alzheimer (DA) e no comprometimento cognitivo sem demência (CIND) em uma amostra da comunidade. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados seis pacientes com DA, sete com CIND e sete controles normais, originários da comunidade. ¹H-ERM foi realizada com voxel de 8 cm³ nas regiões temporal direita, parietal esquerda e occipital medial e estudados os metabólitos: N-acetilaspartato (NAA), creatina (Cr), colina (Cho) e mio-inositol (mI). RESULTADOS: O NAA foi maior nos indivíduos controles do que nos DA e intermediário no CIND. Análise de função discriminante mostrou que as associações Cr parietal-Cr occipital e Cr parietal-Cho occipital identificaram corretamente 92,3 por cento da amostra comparando Controle vs DA. Na comparação Controle vs CIND O mI temporal identificou corretamente 78,6 por cento dos indivíduos. CONCLUSÃO: A espectroscopia pode contribuir para o diagnóstico e seguimento de indivíduos com comprometimento cognitivo; avaliações de pacientes da comunidade podem revelar achados diferentes quanto à distribuição dos metabólitos cerebrais.

Evaluation of dietary essentiality of vitamins for Penaeus monodon (Fabricius).

The effect of exclusion of individual water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, niacin, biotin, choline, inositol, ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble vitamins (vit. A, D, K and E) in semi-purified diets on growth and survival of juvenile shrimp, P. monodon was studied in the laboratory for 8 weeks. Diets lacking riboflavin and vitamin K did not affect growth and survival of shrimp. However, deletion of inositol and choline resulted in poor growth. Maximum growth was observed in the control diet (C1) which was supplemented with all vitamins. Diet deficient in ascorbic acid, biotin, folic acid, niacin, thiamine and alpha-tocopherol resulted in poor appetite and poorer feed conversion efficiency. All treatments except the control (C1) resulted in histological changes in the digestive gland cells. Detachment or destruction of the epithelial cells was observed in all treatments lacking individual vitamins but more severely in the treatment without a vitamin supplement followed by inositol, choline and ascorbic acid deficient diets.

Inositol metabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi: potential target for chemotherapy against Chagas' disease

Chagas' disease is a debilitating and often fatal disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The great majority of surface molecules in trypanosomes are either inositol-containing phospholipids or glycoproteins that are anchored into the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors. The polyalcohol myo-inositol is the precursor for the biosynthesis of these molecules. In this brief review, recent findings on some aspects of the molecular and cellular fate of inositol in T. cruzi life cycle are discussed and identified some points that could be targets for the development of parasite-specific therapeutic agents.

Espectroscopia de prótons (1H) por ressonância magnética, neuroquímica cerebral e diagnóstico de doenças neurológicas / Proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy, brain neurochemistry, and diagnosis of neurological diseases

A técnica de espectroscopia de prótons (1H) por ressonância magnética do cérebro permite identificar, in vivo e de modo näo-invasivo, neurometabolitos pertencentes a diversas vias do metabolismo intermediário. A análise desses achados é o objetivo da presente revisäo. As bases do método e os principais metabolitos que constituem o espectro säo considerados, assim como as vias neuroquímicas relacionadas com importantes funçöes metabólicas e os neurometabolitos representativos das mesmas, possíveis de serem observados no espectro em condiçöes normais e patológicas. O conhecimento dessas relaçöes aponta para aspectos neuroquímicos da amostra de tecido nervoso examinada e permite hipóteses fisiológicas e fisiopatológicas relativas às variaçöes dos principais metabolitos. Säo descritas variaçöes regionais e em relaçäo ao envelhecimento normal, importantes na seleçäo e comparaçäo de amostras adequadamente pareadas, sobretudo em situaçäo de pesquisa. A aplicaçäo da técnica no diagnóstico em neurologia também é considerada, com ênfase em doenças degenerativas. Conclui-se ser uma técnica de grande utilidade clínica e que contribui de modo significativo no aprofundamento disgnóstico, assim como na monitorizaçäo terapêutica e no acompanhamento evolutivo de doenças neurológicas

Response of sugar interconversion, starch and protein accumulation to supplied metabolites during pod filling in chickpea.

Detached chickpea inflorescences bearing pods at 20 days after flowering (DAF) were cultured for 5 days in complete liquid medium supplemented separately with asparate, myo-inositol, alpha-ketoglutarate and phytic acid. Effect of these metabolites on sugar interconvestion and starch and protein accumulation in developing pods was studied. Substituting asparate (62.5 mM) for glutamine in culture medium decreased relative proportion of sucrose in all pod tissues but increased the level of sugars, starch and protein in pod wall and cotyledons. In cotyledons, whereas myo-inositol (75 mM) reduced the accumulation of starch without affecting protein level, alpha-ketoglutarate (44 mM) increased both starch and protein accumulation. Both myo-inositol and alpha-ketoglutarate increased relative proportion of sucrose in cotyledons. Phytic acid (1 mM) decreased in cotyledons 14C incorporation from glucose into EtOH extract (principally constituted by sugars), amino acids and proteins but increased the same into starch. In cotyledons, phytic acid also increased 14C incorporation from glutamate into amino acids but this increase was negatively correlated with protein synthesis. Phytic acid decreased the relative distribution of 14C from glucose and glutamate into sucrose from pod wall but enhanced the same into EtOH extract from embryo. Based on the results, it is suggested that mode of metabolic response to exogenously supplied metabolites widely differs in pod tissues of chickpea.

Myoinositol and peroxidation--an in vitro study on human cataractous lens and human erythrocytes.

The effect of myoinositol on in vitro peroxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide in human erythrocytes and human cataractous lenses has been investigated. The lipid peroxidation was monitored as levels of thio barbituric reacting substances (TBARS). Addition of myoinositol decreased the peroxidation effect of hydrogen peroxide in a dose dependent manner. The results suggest a new antioxidant property for inositol.